Anthropogenic Parameters Regulating Urban Flood Variability-A Literature Case Study Based Parameter Identification for Urban Flood Resilient City Planning

Urban flooding in Kerala can no longer be understood only as the outcome of intense rainfall, it increasingly reflects the cumulative effect of human alteration of land, drainage systems, and ecological buffers and other human-induced modifications to the urban fabric. This reviewed literature case studies consistently evaluates the variability of anthropogenic variables that reduce the capacity of urban landscapes to absorb, store, and convey water safely and that regulate contemporary urban flood inundation patterns. This paper also develops a clear clarity on how these variables influence runoff, storage, and exposure. Evidence drawn from the case studies of Okitipupa, Bhopal, Bangalore, Mumbai, Hyderabad, and Surat to identify recurring anthropogenic parameters, explain how they modify urban hydrology, and consolidate them into a practical indicator framework for flood vulnerability analysis. The cases consistently show that flood severity is controlled not only by rainfall intensity but also by built-up expansion, wetland loss, less vegetation cover, surface sealing, floodplain encroachment, blocked drainage, poor land-use regulation, waste dumping, and high population exposure. The study further explains how GIS, remote sensing, census data, and field observations can be combined to quantify these drivers through normalization, weighting, and composite vulnerability indices. By synthesizing findings from the provided case study, the paper highlights the role of human-induced modifications to the urban landscape in exacerbating flood risks and by addressing these parameters through efficient planning can make urban flood resilient cities.