Soil Stabilization is the alteration of soils to enhance their physical properties. Stabilization can increase the shear strength of a soil and control the shrink-swell properties of a soil, thus improving the load bearing capacity of a sub-grade to support pavements and foundations. Soil stabilization lessens permeability and compressibility of the soil mass in earth structures. In common soil stabilization changes physical, chemical and mechanical properties to meet the engineering principle. Soil stabilization can be achieved by in-situ stabilization or ex-situ stabilization methodology. In the present case, an investigation is done to increase the strength properties of cohesive soil using a Bagasse ash which is a solid waste and the mixture is treated with Montmorillonite as an additive and is tested for various strength parameters.

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In this project we utilise the waste ceramic tiles to replace with coarse aggregate in concrete. Waste Ceramic is one of the most active research areas that encompass a number of disciplines including civil engineering and construction materials. The waste ceramic crushed tiles were partially replaced in place of coarse aggregates by 10%, 20%, 30%,and 40% .M30 grade of concrete was designed and tested.. Experimental investigations like workability, Compressive strength test, Split tensile strength test, Flexural strength test for different concrete mixes with different percentages of waste crushed ceramic tiles after 14 and 28 days curing period has to be done. By the usage of optimum dosage of waste ceramic tiles, structural behaviour and ductility properties will be evaluated.

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Steel structures are generally use in places where long span spacing is required with stability and within time limit. These structures are stable and rigid with easy and early fixation at site. These structures are open structures where wind effect is nominal, rigidity of such structures are comparatively more than RCC structures. These structures are easy to fix and dismantle. These are casted along with bolt or rivet connection which minimizes moment. The Truss Structure consists of members/elements that takes only tension or compression and no bending moment in what so ever form. In the engineering term the Truss is defined as the two-force member, where the members are so assembled that the assemblage works as a single unit. The truss structure is generally provided when we need a large open space. In this study we are presenting linear analysis of three different type of truss arrangement i.e. Flink, Howe and King post for long span open area of dimension35m x 25m. In this study we will also discuss the variations occur due to different type of sections such as ISMB, Channel section and Angle section. For analysis purpose we will use Staad.pro.

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Cellular Automata (CA) is a tool used to generate byte error correcting code. CA-based byte Error Correcting Code (ECC) which overcomes the weaknesses and limitation of existing scheme. Proposed byte ECC scheme can correct errors when errors are distributed within information and check bytes or concentrated in any one of them. Cellular automata are already employed by several researchers for designing bit and byte error detecting and correcting codes. CA based VLSI design is more attractive because of its modular, regular and cascadable construction. RS codes are popularly used to detect and correct burst and as well as random errors in different communication systems and storage mediums. Simple and modular architecture of cellular automata based encoder and syndrome generator are proposed by employing the regular structure of cellular automata. Proposed design has been optimized using a parallel processing technique. In this work, a new decoding logic circuit has been introduced for error correction. Proposed encoder and syndrome generator circuits have less computation time compared to existing cellular automata based designs. All functional blocks are simulated and synthesized using FPGA based Xilinx ISE simulator.

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Today mobile device are used frequently by everyone, including the farmers. The farmers condition today is very poor in India. There are many reasons for this condition. In the past, it was not known what that the schemes for farmers but the farmers using this application show all the government schemes and support them by providing access to information in the schemes. The company organizes events through all its activities and helps farmers. Farm and events enable people to reconnect with taste and flavors as they are meet to be. Lack of communication among farmers and experts. Digital literacy that is unable to use technology for problems solving. Farm tech application allow farmers to directly communication with each other that is special features like chatting among themselves and to increase level of agriculture literacy. Users are able to view average temperature of a specific location.

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With growing population, industrialization, and urbanization, there is corresponding growth in the demand for infrastructure. Almost all concretes rely critically on being fully compacted. Insufficient compaction dramatically lowers ultimate performance of concrete in spite of good mix design. Concrete is the most widely consumed material in the world, after water. Placing the fresh concrete requires skilled operatives using slow, heavy, noisy, expensive, energy-consuming and often dangerous mechanical vibration to ensure adequate compaction to obtain the full strength and durability of the hardened concrete.

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Artificial intelligence is the science of automating intelligent behaviors currently achievable by humans in future. Intelligent machine will replace or enhance human capabilities in many areas. A.I is the intelligence exhibited by machines or software. It is subfield of computer science. In last two decades it has greatly improved performance of the manufacturing and service system. Application areas of AI is having huge impact on various fields like autonomous transportation, education powered by AI, employment in the era of AI, healthcare re-imagined, robots, predictive policies, etc. Autonomy and adaption further support AI for the betterment of human generation. AI doesn’t have a single definition but it can be termed as artificial life forms that can surpass human intelligence and almost any technology can be called artificial intelligence. We will have a look on lot more definitions of AI throughout this paper. Artificial intelligence is reshaping economies, promising to generate productivity gains, improve efficiency and lower costs. It contributes to better lives and helps people make better predictions and more informed decisions. These technologies however are still in their infancy, and there remains much promise for AI to address global challenges and promote innovation and growth. This paper gives an overview of this technology and the history of this technology. Challenges in implementation of this technology are also discussed in further part of this paper.

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In this paper Narmada river, of subtropical region in India is chosen for flood forecast modeling with Artificial neural network. The modeling methods were mainly focused to forecast magnitudes of river runoff (trend and magnitude) for future time intervals. The Time Lagged Neural Network (TLNN) models are designed with two types of data set. In the first type of TLNN design the output layer is fed only by the runoff values that is univariate data set where only the past runoff values of 5, 5 and 10 years are taken into consideration (univariate input). While in second types of TLNN design the output is made dependent of two (multivariate) input layers of rainfall and the runoff. In this paper the prediction of river runoff found flourishing and relevant through ANN methods particularly in case of subtropical Indian rivers, which are mainly having monsoon dependent runoff.

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Feasibility Study on Red brick and Fly ash brick flooring for dairy housing has been carried out at Cattle Cross Breeding Project, Vasantrao Naik MarathwadaKrishiVidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra with oobjectives like Study of various properties of red brick and fly ash bricks. Cost estimation for loose house system using red brick and fly ash bricks and Comparison of flooring of red bricks and fly ash bricks. It is found that Urine absorption for red bricks was found to be 18 % and for cement bricks 6.5 % .Compressive strength for red bricks was found to be 7.91 mPa and for cement bricks was 22.83 mPa. Cost of construction for red bricks was found to be Rs. 1010.28/m2 and Cost of construction for fly ash bricks was found to be Rs. 1046.74/m2.Red bricks flooring found to be superior than fly ash bricks flooring.

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Splicing of reinforcement is the basic requirements in the steel reinforcement because off the standard length availability of the steel bars that is 12m. The commonly used method is lap splicing because of its cost effectiveness and it also consumes lesser time while fixing, making fixing handling of steel reinforcement easier. For higher dia steel reinforcement the another method which can be used is weld splicing where the lap length can be reduced but extra arrangements of welding is required. The method which can be used is the use of mechanical couplers. The mechanical coupler are proven to be cost effective in comparison to lap and weld splices. The aim of the study is to make cost comparison of the mechanical couplers and lap splicing based on the practical experiences. For carrying out this study chemical and physical tests on couplers were also performed to ensure the quality of couplers.

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Owing to the major source of energy production, combustion technologies are commercially available throughout the world. However, combustions are responsible for too much atmospheric pollution which is detrimental to human health and environment. Thus concerted efforts are being made to reduce the particle emissions due to soot formation caused by incomplete combustion and acid precipitation originating mainly from Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) during combustion process at high temperature. However, with the emergence of new fuels and combustion modes, it is necessary to improve the computational models. Hence turbulent combustion needs to be optimized through better understanding to meet demands for lower emissions without sacrificing power and fuel consumption. In fact, emission reduction measures can possibly be developed by understanding the mechanism of pollutants formation during combustion process, which requires knowledge of trace species. These species are produced by finite rate chemical kinetic mechanisms that involve large numbers of elementary steps. For this purpose, the application of a 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model simulations are proven to be very effective to support the experimental investigations of turbulent combustion. In the present paper, CFD simulation of combustion has been reported in order to reduce the pollutant emission and soot formation. The Pollutant reduction is performed on well-validated comprehensive mechanism that was designed to simulate the combustion of natural gas (methane-air) constituents and production of NOx and sooth, and model is able to predict the NOx emission levels with all possible gas phase reaction mechanism such as thermal, prompt, and nitrous oxide taken into account. The reaction rates of pollutant formation in combustors are determined by both chemical kinetics and turbulence and modeled using eddy-dissipation mode. The combustion is simulated by steady-state governing equations solved using the SIMPLE algorithm and the effect of turbulence on the mean flow field was accounted for using the RNG k- turbulence model, this non-premixed type combustion is molded using ANSYS Fluent-species transport model, followed by single-step reaction mechanism and NOx model assuming conversion of the fuel to CO2, H2O, NO and NO2 etc. The reaction mechanism is validated for using constant-volume combustion chamber experiments. Further, the model is also validated for inlet diffusion and diffusion energy source. The flow parameters like velocity, temperature, and mass fraction are defined prior to the simulation. In the work presented in this thesis, the first part focused on the effect of numerical variation in mass fraction of different species during the process using line probes at different location of combustor has been studied and plotted CO2, H2O, CH4, N2, O2 and NOx emission and Soot formation accordingly. In the second part of the research, an attempt has been made by adding water content in the fuel by 5% to 30% by mole in order to predict its effects on the result for sooth and emission reduction using methane-air two steps as a mixture material followed by parametric study approach. Consequently, the optimal values were evaluated and model is able to predict the reduction in NOx emissions and sooth formations when natural gas (methane-air) is used.

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This study is an attempt to understand the compatibility and the possibility of improving microhardness and micro-mechanical properties of developed PI+ITO+GO polymeric composite thin films, when, they undergo electrical stress (defined to be sever-aging). The microhardness and micromechanical properties had been studied using the measurements of Vicker’s hardness number (Hv) and ASTMD-882 approach. The resultant change in the microhardness and micro-mechanical properties of electrically treated films interpreted the possibility of high dense packaging of ITO and GO oxide particle within the PI chain matrix along with the inter and intra molecular interaction, when, films were electrically stressed.

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In this review paper, the basic idea behind using the Zig bee protocol system used by various researchers is described. The availability of ZigBee communication protocol for safe and economic data communication where the wired communication is either more expensive or impossible due to physical conditions is explained in this paper. ZigBee sensor network formed for data acquisition and monitoring. The three-phase induction motor can be started and stopped using a computer interface developed with ZigBee. A remote device is built of a commercially available ZigBee module and a sensor. A ZigBee module is connected via a USB interface to a PC, which works as a base station in the sensor network. Data collected from remote devices are sent to the base station PC which is represented in graphical form with user interface developed on MATLAB. By considering all factors, a low-cost system for measuring the parameters of induction motor such as phase voltages, phase currents, power, power factor, and motor temperature with Zigbee protocol connectivity can be developed for different applications.

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Sun a huge basis which makes centrality during atomic parting of hydrogen focuses into helium & as an indication of this discharged vitality in the sun the sun based radiations are transmitted. This light based radiation by then strike the earth surface and the level of sun organized radiation got by earth surface is around 1367 W (watt) per square meter. These sun stimulated radiation would then have the choice to be utilized for two or three purposes like warming, The power creation in sun based warming can be by utilizing level plate experts which ingests and moves warmth to sort of a liquid (water or air).“The sun based” power creation interlaces “the utilization of photograph voltaic cells to change over sun based radiation (tremendousness) into control for extra usage. Sun planned vitality is in like way a sensible wellspring of centrality which is freed from cost and luxuriously opens in nature or significantly progressively all it is eco-obliging. Our structure makes relationship of this light based radiation to make control which runs a trademark water siphon. “As such the power required “to run the siphon is declined which expels the reliance of ranchers on structure” control.

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Over the last years natural composite materials have been the dominant emerging materials over plastics, fibers and ceramics. The volume and number of applications of natural composite materials have grown steadily, penetrating and conquering new markets relentlessly. The composites should not be regarded simple as a combination of two materials. The interest in polymeric composite materials is rapidly growing both in terms of their industrial applications and fundamental research. They are renewable, cheap, completely or partially recyclable, and biodegradable. Their availability, renewability, low density, and price as well as satisfactory mechanical properties make them an attractive ecological usage for the manufacturing of composites. The research on the present work shows that we can successfully manufactured Polypropylene based composite, which are widely used in the industrial field, especially in automotive applications, due to their excellent mechanical properties and low cost. This research is directed towards obtaining the optimal values of mechanical properties of organic polymer composite material for different objectives. Though the primary objective was to minimize the cost of the composite, simulations were also performed to obtain specific desired properties of the composite (irrespective of the composite cost). The latter simulation results are useful optimization of mechanical properties during machining of composite material using grey relational method.

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Current era many people are using internet to accomplish their task through wired or wireless network. As number of users get increased in wireless speed decreases proportionally. Though Wi-Fi gives us speed up to 150mbps as per IEEE 802.11n, it is still insufficient to accommodate number of users. To remedy this limitation of Wireless Fidelity, we are introducing concept of Li-Fi. Li-fi stands for light fidelity which enables to transfer data and provide internet through the visible light signals which differentiates it from other technologies. This System has regulated the speed which human eye has not be perceived its blinking. At receiver by applying photosensitive detector, transmitted data can be received. This system can be demonstrated as bidirectional VLC [Visible light Communication] system where both computers can act as transceiver. Using a processing software, Arduino software and Arduino hardware the transmission of files occurs between two computers where LED [light emitting diode] and LDR[Light dependent resister] were in the same line of sight. It is observed that the system has worked better for white LED than the red LED and IR LED. So, VLC based text and file transfer system is implemented with white LED. The operational procedure is very simple-, if the LED bulb is on, you transmit a digital 1, if it’s off you transmit a 0. The LEDs can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives nice opportunities for transmitting data. Hence all that is required is some LEDs and a controller that code data into those LEDs. All one has to do is to vary the rate at which the LED’s flicker depending upon the data we want to encode.

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Water tanks are used to storing the water for future use like commercial and domestic and water tanks are used since orient times for the purpose of storage of water and various resources. Therefore, this project deals with the optimum working of RCC water Tank and Fluro Polymer water tanks. Elevated water tanks are one of the most significant help structures in seismic tremor inclined locales. Insignificant urban communities and furthermore in provincial territories raised water tanks frames a fundamental piece of the water gracefully conspire. These structures have enormous mass amassed at the highest point of supporting structure thus these structures are particularly helpless against level powers because of tremor. Raised water tanks that are insufficiently damage and planned have endured broad harm during past quakes. The raised water tanks must stay practical much after the quakes as water tanks are required to give water to drinking and putting out fires reason. Subsequently, it is essential to check the seriousness of these powers for a specific locale. Toward the end of the analysis, it reasons that the aggregate sum of materials utilized for the development of Fluro Polymer water tank is lesser than the development of RCC water tank. Consequently, Fluro Polymer tanks are progressively preferred choice over RCC water tank. These tanks are valuable in such zones where waterways do not stream for the entire years and water accessible just during rainstorm season through heavy rainfall.

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Lamium flexuosum has a potential of medicinal property and it is used in the treatment of malaria by rural dwellers. The aim of this research is to evaluates the free radical scavenging activity of a plant extract, a few simple steps using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The antioxidant activity of hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water extracts of Lamium flexuosum was measured using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The highest antioxidant activity was found to be in hexane extract (HCE) followed by methanol extract (MCE) then the ethyl acetate extract (EaCE) with percent radical scavenging activity of 72%, 56%, 60%, respectively. The GC-MS analysis of the MCE and EaCE fractions revealed the presence of Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and Octadecanoic acid methyl ester (methyl stearate) and respectively. These compounds might be responsible for its free radical scavenging activities as well as the anti-malarial activity of the plant.

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Nanotechnology includes the production and utilization of materials which exist at the nanoscale, and ranges up to 100 nm size. It has the potential to replace a series of medical and biotechnological tools and procedures so that they are potable, cheaper, safer and easier to administer. Nanoparticles can synthesized chemically or biologically. Different types of nanoparticle platforms which are differentiated based on their size, shape, composition and their functionalities. Biological systems have ability to convert metal ions into metal nanoparticles. Nanoparticles can be used in drug and gene delivery, water treatment, biomolecules detection, medicine, Biosensors etc. Also nanoparticles have variety applications in day to day life.

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Watermarking is the process of inserting predefined patterns into multimedia data in a way that the degradation of quality is minimized and remain at an imperceptible level. Many digital watermarking algorithms have been proposed in special and transform domains. The techniques in the spatial domain still have relatively low-bit capacity and are not resistant enough to lossy image compression and other image processing operations. For instance, a simple noise in the image may eliminate the watermark. On the other hand, frequency domain-based techniques can embed more bits for watermark and are more robust to attack. Some transforms such as Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) are used for watermarking in the frequency domain. In this thesis, we compare the DCT watermarking algorithms and especially the DWT watermarking algorithms based on robustness criteria. In other words, the robustness of different transform watermark algorithms is evaluated by applying different attacks. One main reason to consider the DWT watermarking algorithms is that several multimedia standards such as the JPEG2000 and MPEG-4 are based on the DWT. These new standards brought new requirements such as progressive, low bit rate transmission, and region-of-interest coding. This paper presents a digital watermarking technique which is based on DWT, DCT and SVD. DWT has excellent spatial localization, frequency spread and multi resolution characteristics. DCT & SVD based watermarking techniques offer compression. These desirable properties are used in this combined watermarking technique. Compared with DWT-DCT, DCT SVD, DWT-SVD based watermarking techniques; experimental results show that this algorithm is robust to various attacks such as JPEG compression, cropping, rotation, and noise which are checked by the invovlement of Bacterial Foraging Optimisation (BFO) and Parallel Bacterial Foraging Optimisation (PBFO).

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When a large space within a building needs to be covered without hindrance and supports, architects often deploy waffle slabs to construct floors and ceilings. Structural designers analyse such slabs, assuming the grid work as simply supported system (all four edges) and deriving solutions based on displacement compatibility of beams or plates to arrive at an approximate solution or performing a detailed finite element analysis (FEM) of the slab beam system using any of the generalized finite element software available in the market. This is so because no analytical solution or quick computational tool exists, except for the case of slabs with all edges simply supported. In this study we are performing comparative analysis of ribbed and waffle slab to determine the most stable and distributive one in comparison. To validate the results, selected cases are compared with finite element analysis and results are compared in terms of forces, moment, displacement and drift in both direction.

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Solar distillation is the process of getting potable water by harnessing solar energy with the help of solar still which imitates the natural hydrological cycle with the difference that cycle is closed. Potable water is one of the basic requirements for the survival of organisms on the planet earth, However, water has been contaminated badly due to rapid industrialization, fast growth in agriculture and population all over the world. There is going to be lack of potable water in years to come if this problem is not addressed properly as reported by many researchers. In this circumstance, exploitation of the solar energy for electricity generation and distillation could be better alternative to mitigate the imminent problem of shortage of energy and potable water to a greater extent. The basin type passive and active solar stills have been investigated in the current study on the basis of energy matrices, exergoeconomic parameter, enviroeconomic parameter, productivity and various efficiencies. Its main motive is to offer better solar distillation system to turn out potable water at competitive price. Apart from the conventional solar distillation systems, various other solar distillation systems coupled with (a) N- identical partially covered photovoltaic thermal (PVT) flat plate collectors (FPC), (b) partially covered PVT compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) collectors and (c) evacuated tubular collectors (ETC) have been studied in detail. The thermal model has been developed for the proposed system. The life cycle cost analysis of various basin type solar distillation systems has been carried out by incorporating the effect of energy payback period. Four different types of weather conditions viz. [a, b, c and d] type for each month of year have been considered for the exhaustive computation of yield, energy output and exergy gain at optimum number of collectors and mass flow rate followed by computation of exergoeconomic parameter, enviroeconomic parameter, productivity and various efficiencies. Generally, exergoeconomic parameter is computed as exergy loss per unit cost for systems like mechanical, thermal etc. as reported by several researchers. However it has been proposed to be computed as the exergy gain per unit cost because of the fact that nothing has to be paid against the input (solar energy) to solar system. Also same input cannot be provided to different solar distillation systems while making comparison. The comparison of various solar distillation systems has been carried out at 0.14 m water depth, optimum number of collectors and optimum mass flow rate for the composite climate condition of Ghaziabad U.P, India. The production cost of water in ₹/kg and production cost of electricity in ₹/kWh have also been computed. The performance analysis viz. hourly productivity and various efficiencies of solar distillation systems have been carried out at optimum number of collectors and mass flow rate by incorporating the effect of water depth for two different months (June (summer) and January (winter). It has been concluded that double slope ETC active solar distillation system gives the best performance on the basis of energy matrices and production cost of water. Further double slope PVT-FPC active solar distillation system has been found better than other systems under consideration on the basis of enviroeconomic parameter and annual productivity (exergy based); however, the value of exergoeconomic parameter and energy based annual productivity is highest for double slope ETC active solar distillation system. On the basis of average daily electrical efficiency and average daily overall thermal efficiency, double slope PVT-FPC active solar distillation system gives the best performance; however, double slope PVT-CPC active solar distillation system performs best on the basis of average daily exergy efficiency, overall exergy efficiency and productivity among all active solar distillation systems under consideration. Moreover, double slope ETC active solar distillation system has been found to perform best among all active solar distillation systems under consideration on the basis of average daily thermal efficiency. At last, proposed solar distillation systems has been carried out followed by conclusions and recommendations.

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Active heating is used as a flow assurance technique to prevent the huge temperature drop of crude oil while transporting from wells to facilities, which creates a friendly environment for hydrate formation and solid depositions. In the present study, convective heat transfer in tube bundle with three internal tubes was investigated through computational fluid dynamics simulation. A three dimensional model for existing bundle was developed. The model described the heat transfer occurring inside the bundle, aiming to heat up or at least maintain the production fluid temperature. The heat transfer from heating pipe to the whole bundle can be visualized through the temperature contours and the temperature gradient at the outlets. The effect of heating medium temperature and flow velocity are studied in the developed model.

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Cancer has the highest growth rate among all diseases globally. Oral cancer is one of the most dangerous cancer which affects and originates from the oral cavity and neck. Overuse of tobacco and smoking cigarettes are the primary risk factor for developing oral cancer. In the present research, oral cancer patients can be identified through the use of deep learning algorithm for the diagnosis of the oral cancer. A deep learning based algorithm named CNN (Convolution Neural Network) is proposed in this paper which uses machine learning for the detection and identification of oral cancer.

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In the current trends every organization manages work and its data online. Even though e-Commerce website maintaining data online in a distributed form. Online approach is very useful to interact with consumer and seller without any dependency of place and time. Every consumer can select product with any brand without wait for a time and producethe order for purchasing. Most of purchasing the product is done by using the website that produce some navigational or access pattern. This access pattern is used to produce some access rules. The proposed Constraint based Closed Sequential Pattern Mining using Self-Organizing Map Clustering (CBCSPMSC)approach first use some profile and GRC constraints for filtration of data between the duration and occurrence of item gap. Now applying closed pattern technique for minimizes the number of rules generation and execution time. At lastSOM clustering technique is applied so that every item belong the cluster for partial database scan not whole data with less execution time.

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